The conditions of exiled and relocated Armenians is a frequent question in the Armenian Genocide debate. Armenian Genocide proponents throw a variety of arguments and claims sourced from questionable survivor stories as to the horrible conditions in which the relocated Armenians suffered during the Tehcir (Relocation) Law in 1915 by the Ottoman Empire. One statement that gets repeated is that the Armenians were relocated in such a way as to deliberately cause their deaths as part of an Armenian Genocide. Through archival documents, reports by foreign consuls, and logical analysis we can determine whether these claims have any merit.
Provisional Laws
Most scholars acknowledge that the Ottoman government did publish decrees and regulations to protect the "lives and properties of Armenians to be transferred." No one denies the 15 regulations (for the well being of Armenians) published following the Tehcir Law on May 30, 1915. Article 4 of the regulations states that "attention will be paid to establishing the villages in places which suit public health conditions, agriculture and construction." Other articles focus on the careful attention that governors must follow to ensure the survival of all Armenians, such as ensuring resettlement villages are no more than 25 kilometers from railroads, board and lodging that need to be provided to Armenians, allocation of land and providing tools and equipment for Armenian farmers who are relocated. [1]
Some authors note that the regulations were published but that they were usually not carried out. Regardless the intention of the central government is clear in that it cared for the safety of the Armenians as numerous ciphered telegrams not meant for the public were also later revealed to show concern for the Armenians being relocated.
Instead, Armenian Genocide proponents argue that following these regulations and public decrees for the safety of Armenians there were second sets of more secret orders that compelled local authorities to exterminate Armenians. However, to this day no proof of such orders have been found. Hence, Armenian Genocide proponents argue that the orders may have been destroyed once authorities received them or that the archives of the Ottomans may have been cleaned of such evidence.
Although there may be a fragment of a chance that such "second set" of orders were distributed there is no evidence to support it and accusations and conspiracy theories alone should not be the basis for a conclusion that the government planned an Armenian Genocide.
Secret Ottoman Telegrams and Documents
The Ottoman ciphered and top secret telegrams to governors and other authorities within the Ottoman Empire are valid primary sources because they were not meant for publication. When Armenian Genocide proponents try to discredit them as fabrications or arguing that there were second sets of orders that contradict them simply have no basis in reality. Why would the government send contradicting and conflicting orders believing that the Ottoman archives would never be seen by foreigners.
If one were to be arrested for planning a murder but no evidence of that plan exists because the prosecution argues that the plans were secretly destroyed or hidden then that case would be dismissed immediately. It would explain why no court has ever ruled on the allegation of an Armenian Genocide the Malta Tribunals which were created to punish the Ottoman leaders in the aftermath of World War One for crimes against Armenians was indeed dropped because of the lack of evidence.
Food and Water Provided for Armenians
The Ottomans sent secret ciphered telegrams to numerous districts telling the local authorities to prepare food such as bread, olives, and peksimet for Armenian deportees that were to arrive in their districts. [2] Some of these ciphered telegrams request and inquire about the amount of funds needed to pay for the bread and other foods for Armenian deportees. [3] [4] [5] [6]
One ciphered telegram to Sukru Bey asks if there was enough funds for the well-being of the Armenians deportees who arrived in Konya, Aleppo, and Adana. [7] Below is the image of that archival document.
These documents detail the concern that the central authorities took to ensure the safety and health of the Armenian deportees because they knew that among the Armenian deportees were not only Dashnak rebels but also innocent Armenians.
On September 5th, 1915 the Minister of Interior, Talat Pasha, sent orders to the governor of Aleppo to quickly transfer the Armenians deportees who accumulated near the railway stations to their areas of settlement and "that they be provided with food, and that special care be taken to protect them from attack." [8] [9]
Consul Reports and United States Archives
Jesse B. Jackson the US consul in Aleppo reported to Henry Morgenthau (US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire) that he was allowed to visit the relocation camps of Armenian deportees once or twice a week and had permission to distribute food and money. The Ottoman government also distributed food and money but it was irregular and caused the deaths of many because of the lack of food in the Ottoman Empire (even the Ottoman Turkish soldiers were starving when going to battle). [10] German Consul Rossler confirmed that the Turks knew of the aid programs for the Armenians and allowed it. [11]
US consul J. B. Jackson sent a report to Morgenthau on February 8th, 1916. In it Jackson states that 500,000 Armenian migrants had indeed arrived in Syria's Aleppo province and were being provided with food and 500 gold liras each week was being spent on their well being. He provided a table of 486,000 Armenians in different regions who were being given aid. [12] [13] [14]
Sources
- ^ The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey by Guenter Lewy (2005), p. 154
- ^ DH. ?FR 55/291 -
- ^ DH. ?FR 55/341 -
- ^ DH. ?FR 55/347 -
- ^ DH. ?FR 55/291 -
- ^ The Story of 1915 by Yusuf Halacoglu (2008), p. 72-74
- ^ DH. ?FR 57/351 -
- ^ The Talat Pasha 'Telegrams' by Orel and Yuja (2008), p. 120
- ^ The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey - p. 190
- ^ The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey - p. 193
- ^ The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey - p. 194
- ^ US Archives NARA RG 59, 867.48/271 -
- ^ United States Official Records On The Armenian Genocide 1915-1917 by Ara Sarafian (2008), Vol. II, p. 112-113
- ^ The Story of 1915 by Yusuf Halacoglu (2008), p. 71
The comment here is interesting:
"Although there may be a fragment of a chance that such "second set" of orders were distributed there is no evidence to support it and accusations and conspiracy theories alone should not be the basis for a conclusion that the government planned an Armenian Genocide."
If you were about to kill your brother and were at a dinner with your entire family, wouldn't you ensure that everyone at the dinner knew you were going to drive your brother home in a safe car to his safe home. If your intent was to have him waylaid by criminals, you would inform the criminals in a clandestine format away from prying (i.e. western spies and observers) eyes, hence, the 'official' proclamations of safety to the Armenian refugees and underhanded instructions otherwise. We may not be able to prove the actual instructions as any evidence of a crime of this magnitude must be destroyed (if you were conducting a crime, wouldn't you destroy the evidence?), so therefore, they cleverly left the benign instructions behind.
The fact of the matter is, if there was a rebellion on the eastern front, as the denialists affirm, why were women, children, and elderly citizens deported thousands of miles? Was a 2 year old infant about to kill an Ottoman soldier. Of course not, the reason to transport ALL Armenian citizens from the age of 1-80 was for complete annihilation.
If you can explain why a 80 year old grandmother had to be deported for security reasons, then I can buy any argument you sell me. Otherwise, you should go back and study what actually happened.
That is why I provided secret telegrams, that were not meant for the public eye. The Ottoman government did not know it was going to collapse after World War I, so why in the world would they hide orders when they can simply send ciphered and encrypted telegrams of the orders? There wasn't even a crime called "genocide" back then so what motivation did Ottomans have to hide their crimes?
If the intention of "second set of secret extermination orders" for Armenians was given out, then there would be a copy in the Ottoman archives, and it would have been recovered by Haigazn K. Kazarian the Armenian archivist in charge of the Ottoman archives in Constantinople directly after World War One.
In addition, if there was second sets of orders, why did they make exceptions then since they "destroyed the evidence" as you say.
This seems very funny because you're behaving like a prosecutor without any evidence and then when asked where is your evidence, you claim "well they destroyed the evidence obviously." It's innocent until proven guilty, it isn't guilty because I said so.
Ok let's pretend that women, children, and elderly were not allowed to be deported. Then you would be saying "See how cruel the Ottomans were? They separated the women from the men just like the Holocaust!" It would have been beyond cruel to separate the women, children, and elderly from their families. There is an AGD Armenian Women and Children Deported Article about this.
Children were allowed to stay with Muslim families (adoptions were held) and there is an Ottoman document instructing how to handle children left behind. That they could be left to rich Muslim families if the Armenian family requests it and if no rich Muslim families were found, that Muslim family should be given a salary daily to help raise that child. Some of these children were able to find their family again after the war was over.
You mention a 2 year old infant being deported, that is probably because the Armenian mother did not want to leave her child to be raised by Muslims or perhaps felt she could better take care of her child, or perhaps because she could not bare the fact to be separated with her infant. Have you thought for one second that it may be because the Ottomans cared for the Armenians that they allowed children to go with their parents?
The elderly you say, can you explain to me, how an "80 year old grandmother" could survive alone without a family in the 1900s? Do you know how harsh the living conditions of the 1900s were, especially during the disease abundant Middle East in World War One? Only an insane grandmother would choose to stay in the first place.
Also remember that if a woman was forced to stay instead of being deported that would be extremely cruel because women did not have many rights back then in any country, they wouldn't be able to find a job or be able to live off the land.
If this doesn't convince you, then you don't want to be convinced.